Grid-forming: From niche upgrade to standard requirement
European power grids are losing inertia fast. As gas and nuclear generators clear in the market less often, the spinning mass that once stabilised the grid frequency is reducing. Inverter-based resources (wind, solar, and grid-following BESS) currently provide no inertia at all. The result is a grid that responds more violently to disturbances, where smaller events trigger larger frequency swings. The worst-case scenario - a continental system split leading to widespread blackouts - becomes harder to plan for.
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