​Spain introduced a new national aFRR (automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve) market in November 2024 as a preparatory step, and then fully connected to the PICASSO European platform on 17 June 2025. This shift has reshaped how bids are submitted (including asymmetric bids), how prices form, and where the value lies upward and downward.
aFRR in Spain: what really changed with PICASSO
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